European Union Research and Development

Source: R/AgainStart.R

A random sample of 15 countries' research and development investments for the years 2002 and 2003 was taken, and the results in millions of Euros are stored in EURD.

EURD

Format

A data frame with 15 observations on the following 3 variables:

  • country (a character vector with values Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia)

  • rd2002 (research and development investments in millions of Euros for 2002)

  • rd2003 (research and development investments in millions of Euros for 2003)

References

Ugarte, M. D., Militino, A. F., and Arnholt, A. T. 2015. Probability and Statistics with R, Second Edition. Chapman & Hall / CRC.

Examples

ggplot(data = EURD, aes(x = rd2002, y =  rd2003)) + geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
#> `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'

ggplot(data = EURD, aes(sample = rd2003 - rd2002)) + stat_qq()

# lattice approach
qqmath(~ (rd2003 - rd2002), data = EURD, type =c("p", "r"))