Mortality and Water Hardness

Mortality and drinking water hardness for 61 cities in England and Wales.

Format

A data frame with 61 observations on the following 4 variables.

location

a factor with levels North South indicating whether the town is as north as Derby

town

the name of the town

mortality

averaged annual mortality per 100,000 males

hardness

calcium concentration (in parts per million)

Source

D. J. Hand, F. Daly, A. D. Lunn, K. J. McConway and E. Ostrowski (1994) A Handbook of Small Datasets. Chapman and Hall/CRC, London.

Details

These data were collected in an investigation of environmental causes of disease. They show the annual mortality rate per 100,000 for males, averaged over the years 1958-1964, and the calcium concentration (in parts per million) in the drinking water supply for 61 large towns in England and Wales. (The higher the calcium concentration, the harder the water.)

Examples

plot(mortality ~ hardness, data = HardWater)