European Union Research and Development

A random sample of 15 countries' research and development investments for the years 2002 and 2003 is taken and the results in millions of euros are stored in EURD.

Format

A data frame with 15 observations on the following 3 variables:

Country

a factor with levels Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia

RD2002

research and development investments in millions of euros for 2002

RD2003

research and development investments in millions of euros for 2003

Source

Ugarte, M. D., Militino, A. F., and Arnholt, A. T. (2008) Probability and Statistics with R. Chapman & Hall/CRC.

Examples

qqmath(~(RD2003 - RD2002), data = EURD, type=c("p", "r"))